Result

アニメーションエフェクトの不要なら結構シンプルなコードになります

css

.row figure {/*表示されている画像。*/
  height: 240px;
  width: 240px;
  margin: 0;
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: 50% 50%;
  transition: all 1s ease-in-out;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  z-index: 2;
  display: inline-block;
  position: relative;
}

.row a {/*拡大画像を表示させる為の要素*/
  display: inline-block;
  text-align: center;
  margin: 40px;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: white;
}

.row a p {/*テキスト表示。デフォルトでは透過しておく*/
  position: absolute;
  opacity: 0;
  font-size: 20px;
  top: 45%;
  z-index: 100;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  margin: auto;
}

figure:hover p {/*テキスト表示*/
  opacity: 1;
}

figure:after {/*オーバーレイ。デフォルトでは透過*/
  content: "";
  display: inline-block;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
  background-color: blue;
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out 0s;
  z-index: 99;
}

figure:hover:after {/*マウスホバーでオーバーレイ表示*/
  opacity: 0.7;
}

.photo01 {/*表示する画像*/
  background-image: url("https://picsum.photos/700/500");
}

.photo02 {/*表示する画像*/
  background-image: url("https://picsum.photos/701/500");
}

.photo03 {/*表示する画像*/
  background-image: url("https://picsum.photos/703/500");
}

.lightbox-target {/*lightbox*/
  position: fixed;
  top: -100%;
  width: 100%;
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
  width: 100%;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in-out;
  overflow: hidden;
  z-index: 300;
}

.lightbox-target .container {
  margin: auto;
  position: absolute;
  top: 50vh;
  left: 50vw;
  background-color: white;
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
  transition: 0.5s ease-in-out;
  text-align: left;
  transform: translate3d(-50%, -50%, 0);
}

a.lightbox-close {/*閉じるボタン*/
  display: block;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  background: white;
  color: black;
  text-decoration: none;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  margin: 0;
  padding-top: 10px;
}

.lightbox-target:target {
  opacity: 1;
  top: 0;
  bottom: 0;
}

.lightbox-target:target img {
  height: 400px;
  vertical-align: top;
}

html

<div class="row">
  <a class="lightbox" href="#photo01">
    <figure class="photo01">
      <p>Photo 01</p>
    </figure>
  </a>
  <div class="lightbox-target" id="photo01">
    <div class="container">
      <img src="https://picsum.photos/700/500">
      <a class="lightbox-close" href="#">X</a>
    </div>
  </div>
　・
　・
　・
</div>

via

CSS Lightbox